Publication type: Critical integrative review.
Authors: Kevin Cameron and Jessica Oncken.
Journal: Advances in Applied Sociology, 16(8), 489–505.
Published: August 11, 2026.
DOI: 10.4236/aasoci.2026.168029.
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Original abstract
The service and working dog industry increasingly invokes the language of behavioral science while diverging from its empirical foundations. This critical integrative review examines the emergence of pseudoscientific drift—the progressive reinterpretation of scientific terminology and constructs into non-operational, emotionally appealing, or commercially motivated frameworks that deviate from established research. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 were reviewed to evaluate welfare outcomes, training efficacy, and terminological consistency across companion, service, and working-dog contexts, resulting in a paucity of peer-reviewed literature. Findings reveal three dominant themes: (1) inconsistent and ideologically driven terminology that obscures behavioral mechanisms; (2) inadequate operational definitions and procedural-fidelity gaps that limit replication and generalizability; and (3) measurable welfare and ethical consequences linked to inconsistent contingencies and conceptual drift. Emerging consensus statements and welfare research advocate for standardized taxonomies and replicable training protocols. The synthesis concludes that scientific integrity in service and working-dog training requires consistent operational language, fidelity-monitored procedures, and transparent reporting to prevent pseudoscientific drift and to safeguard both canine welfare and human safety.
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© 2026 Kevin Cameron, Jessica Oncken and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). The researchers named above are the publication authors.
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