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Aggressive triggers can be such a broad spectrum that I do not know of any formal tests to screen for specific ones. With young dogs, tests like you see in the volhard puppy apptitude test can give a good idea for the need of further screening or caution with certain things as the pup gets older. Aggression during touch sensitivity, lifting, and restraint should give a heads up.
Modified versions of this can be done with older dogs as long as it is done safely with a muzzle, careful leash handling, and/or protective equipment. The SAFER test is a common one that is used in animal shelters to screen dogs. You can read about it here. And here are two videos of a dogs being tested. I personally would not be taking so many chances with the proximity of the teeth to the face and hands in these videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyaOiIrjtNk
