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    • Knowledge Base
    • Classroom
      • Trainer’s Course 5.0
        • Ethics
        • LIMA
      • Crash Course
        • Introduction to Canine Behavior
        • Canine Culture
        • Breed Specific Behavior
        • Body Language and Vocalization
        • Health Concerns
        • Behavior Problems
        • Introduction to Aggression
        • Drive Balance
        • Attitude
        • Management
        • Introduction to ABA
        • Leadership
        • Intro to Habitation
        • Introduction to Anxiety
        • Obedience
      • Trainer’s Course 4.0
        • Ethology – In the Beginning
          • Ethology – Domestication
          • Ethology – Breeds
          • Ethology – Canine Body Language
          • Ethology – Individual Traits
        • Health – What the Dog Trainer Should Know
        • Diagnose the Problem
        • Attitude – Important in Dog Training
        • Management – Before You Train
        • Applied Behavior Analysis
        • Leadership 4.0
        • Operant Conditioning 4.0
        • Habitation – the Basics
        • Intro to Anxiety
        • Intro to Phase 1 Obedience
          • Reward Schedule Mania
          • Intro to Shaping and Chaining
        • Intro to phase 2
          • Classical Conditioning 4.0
          • Facts about Punishment
          • Phase 2 Command Structure
          • New Phase 2 Heel
        • Intro to Phase 3
          • Intro to Phase 3 Mechanics
          • Ecollar Escape Conditioning Q&A
        • Doing a Consultation
          • Using Charts
          • Resource Guarding Blueprint
          • Fear and Protective Aggression Blueprint
          • Dominance Aggression
          • Territorial Aggression
          • Barrier Frustration
          • Fear Biters
          • Dog Shelter Triage
      • Protection 4.0
        • Aggression Drives in Protection Training
        • The Physiology of the Bite
        • Bite Building in Play
        • Working a Dog in Defense
        • Targeting in Protection Training
        • Working a Dog in Protection Drive
        • Shifting Gears in Protection Training
        • Training the Out in Bite Work
        • Training the Protection Dog Handler
        • Protection Dog Scenario Training
        • Protection Training Classes and Services
        • Protection – Catching, Bark and Holds, Article Guard, Escorts
    • Video Instruction
      • Dog Behavior Lessons and Tips
      • Obedience Videos – Phase 1
      • Obedience Videos – Phase 2 with Halti Style Collar
      • Obedience Videos – Phase 2 with Starmark
      • Obedience Videos – Phase 2 Prong Style Collar
      • Obedience Videos – Phase 3
      • Protection Training Videos
    • Forums
      • Unanswered
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    • Trainer Search
    • About K9-1 and the Foundation Style Dog Training System
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    In Wolves, Play Behaviour Reflects the Partners’ Affiliative and Dominance Relationship

    Simona Cafazzo, Sarah Marshall-Pescini, Jennifer L. Essler, Zsofia Viranyi, Kurt Kotrschal, Friederike Range 2018 ABSTRACT Puppy packs (consisting of only...
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